{
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   "source": [
    "# 基于MindQuantum的Grover搜索算法\n",
    "\n",
    "[![](https://gitee.com/mindspore/docs/raw/master/resource/_static/logo_source.png)](https://gitee.com/mindspore/docs/blob/master/docs/mindquantum/docs/source_zh_cn/grover_search_algorithm.ipynb)\n",
    "\n",
    "## 概述\n",
    "\n",
    "如果你听过量子计算，那么你一定听说过Grover搜索算法。1996年，Lov Grover \\[1\\] 提出了Grover搜索算法，它是一种利用量子状态的叠加性进行并行计算并实现加速的算法。Grover搜索算法被公认为是继Shor算法后的第二大量子算法，也是第一个被完整的实验实现的量子算法，它解决的是无序数据库搜索问题。1997年，Bennett \\[2\\] 等人证明，对于非结构化的量子搜索问题，至少需要$\\Omega(\\sqrt{N})$​次量子查询，因此Grover搜索算法对于该问题是渐进意义下的最优算法。\n",
    "\n",
    "无序数据库搜索问题（Unordered  Database Search problem）就是从一个海量元素的无序数据库中，找到某些满足要求的元素。由于数据库中元素的数量是巨大的且这些元素是无序排列的，所以，要验证给定的元素是否满足要求很容易，但反过来，要找到这些元素却不是一件容易的事。\n",
    "\n",
    "求解无序数据库搜索问题（不妨假设只有一个目标搜索数据），经典算法所需的时间复杂度为$\\mathcal{O}(N)$，而Grover搜索算法所需的时间复杂度仅为$\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{N})$，相比经典算法具有平方加速，展示了量子计算的强大性能。此外，Grover搜索算法中用到的振幅扩大技巧，对许多启发式的经典搜索算法可以实现加速，因而具有广泛的应用。\n",
    "\n",
    "本文档将会介绍Grover搜索算法的基本原理，以及通过两个具体的小例子来展示如何利用MindQuantum实现该算法。\n",
    "\n",
    "## 问题描述\n",
    "\n",
    "我们需要在一组无序的$N$元素集合（数据库）中进行搜索。将数据库中的元素与索引（从$0$到$N-1$之间的整数）建立一一对应，我们关注于搜索这些元素的索引。考虑将该搜索问题表示为一个关于输入$x$的函数$f(x)$，其中$x$为$0$到$N-1$之间的整数。那么，函数$f$定义为：\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\n",
    "\\begin{equation}\n",
    "f(x)=\\begin{cases}0,x\\neq x_{target}\\\\\\\\\n",
    "1,x=x_{target}\n",
    "\\end{cases}\n",
    "\\end{equation}.\n",
    "$$\n",
    "\n",
    "不失一般性，假设$N=2^n$​，那么在量子系统中，索引以量子态$|0\\rangle,|1\\rangle,...,|N-1\\rangle$​（或$|00...0\\rangle,|00...1\\rangle,...,|11...1\\rangle$​）表示，也即我们可以使用$n$​个量子比特存储这些索引。\n",
    "\n",
    "同时假设搜索问题只有一个目标态$|\\omega\\rangle$。Grover搜索算法的目标就是以极大的概率将$|\\omega\\rangle$搜索出来。\n",
    "\n",
    "## Grover搜索算法的基本原理\n",
    "\n",
    "Grover搜索算法的基本原理：首先通过`Hadamard`门产生均匀叠加态，然后反复调用Grover迭代（或称为$G$算子），以放大目标项的概率振幅同时抑制非目标项的概率振幅（该方法称之为振幅放大），最后对末态进行测量，那么就能以极大的概率得到目标态$|\\omega\\rangle$​​。\n",
    "\n",
    "Grover搜索算法主要包括以下步骤：\n",
    "\n",
    "- Step 1：数据库初始化\n",
    "\n",
    "  对$|0\\rangle^{\\otimes n}$​​​​执行$H^{\\otimes n}$​​​​​操作，使得数据库被初始为一个均匀叠加态，即\n",
    "  $$\n",
    "  |\\psi_0\\rangle=H^{\\otimes n}|0\\rangle^{\\otimes n}=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N}}\\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}|i\\rangle.\n",
    "  $$\n",
    "\n",
    "- Step 2：Grover迭代\n",
    "\n",
    "  Grover迭代又可以分解为四步：\n",
    "\n",
    "  1. 执行Oracle算子$U_{\\omega}$​，翻转目标态$|\\omega \\rangle$​​​​​的相位\n",
    "\n",
    "    为了将需要寻找的数据和其它的数据区别开，最简单的方法就是翻转目标态的相位（增加一个负号），此时我们需要构造一个Oracle算子$U_{\\omega}$，其作用如下：\n",
    "\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "    \\begin{equation}\n",
    "    U_{\\omega}|x\\rangle=\\begin{cases}\n",
    "    &|x\\rangle,x\\neq \\omega&\\\\\\\\\n",
    "    -&|x\\rangle,x=\\omega&\n",
    "    \\end{cases}\n",
    "    \\end{equation}.\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "\n",
    "    由于当$x=\\omega$​时，$f(\\omega)=1$​，那么$U_{\\omega}$​​的作用还可以表示成：\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "    U_{\\omega}|x\\rangle=(-1)^{f(x)}|x\\rangle,\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "    其矩阵表达式为\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "    \\begin{equation}\n",
    "    U_{\\omega}=\n",
    "    \\left[\n",
    "    \\begin{array}{ccc}\n",
    "         (-1)^{f(0)} & 0           & \\dots  & 0            \\\\\\\\\n",
    "         0           & (-1)^{f(1)} & \\dots  & 0            \\\\\\\\\n",
    "         \\vdots      & \\vdots      & \\ddots & \\vdots       \\\\\\\\\n",
    "         0           & 0           & \\dots  & (-1)^{f(N-1)}\n",
    "    \\end{array}\n",
    "    \\right]\n",
    "    \\end{equation}.\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "\n",
    "  2. 执行$H^{\\otimes n}$操作\n",
    "\n",
    "    对$n$位量子比特执行$H^{\\otimes n}$操作。\n",
    "\n",
    "  3. 执行条件相移算子$P$\n",
    "\n",
    "    条件相移算子$P$能使$|0\\rangle$​态以外的每个态的相位都翻转，其作用如下：\n",
    "\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "    \\begin{equation}\n",
    "    P|x\\rangle=\\begin{cases}&|0\\rangle,x= 0&\\\\\\\\\n",
    "    -&|x\\rangle,x\\neq0&\n",
    "    \\end{cases}\n",
    "    \\end{equation}.\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "\n",
    "    其矩阵表达式为\n",
    "\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "    \\begin{equation}\n",
    "    P = 2(|0\\rangle\\langle0|)^{\\otimes n} - I_n =\n",
    "    \\left[\n",
    "    \\begin{array}{ccc}\n",
    "         1      & 0      & \\dots  & 0            \\\\\\\\\n",
    "         0      & -1     & \\dots  & 0            \\\\\\\\\n",
    "         \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots       \\\\\\\\\n",
    "         0      & 0      & \\dots  & -1\n",
    "    \\end{array}\n",
    "    \\right]\n",
    "    \\end{equation}.\n",
    "    $$\n",
    "\n",
    "  4. 再次执行$H^{\\otimes n}$操作\n",
    "\n",
    "  至此，完整的$G$算子可以表示为\n",
    "\n",
    "  $$\n",
    "  G = H^{\\otimes n} [2(|0\\rangle\\langle0|)^{\\otimes n} - I_n] H^{\\otimes n} U_{\\omega}.\n",
    "  $$\n",
    "\n",
    "  注意：$G$算子需要迭代的次数为\n",
    "\n",
    "  $$\n",
    "  r = \\left[ \\frac{\\pi}{4} \\sqrt{\\frac{N}{M}} \\right] \\sim O(\\sqrt{N}),\n",
    "  $$\n",
    "\n",
    "  其中，M表示目标态的个数。\n",
    "\n",
    "- Step 3：测量\n",
    "\n",
    "  对末态进行$\\\\{|0\\rangle,|1\\rangle\\\\}$基测量，就能以极大的概率得到目标态$|\\omega \\rangle$。\n",
    "\n",
    "Grover搜索算法的完整量子线路模型如下所示：\n",
    "\n",
    "![grover algorithm circuit](https://gitee.com/mindspore/docs/raw/master/docs/mindquantum/docs/source_zh_cn/images/grover_algorithm_circuit.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "## 构造翻转量子比特相位的酉算子\n",
    "\n",
    "通过上述介绍，我们发现，Grover搜索算法中最关键的部分就是存在可以翻转量子比特相位的酉算子，Oracle算子$U_{\\omega}$可以翻转目标态的相位，条件相移算子$P$可以翻转$|0\\rangle$态以外的每个态的相位。\n",
    "\n",
    "接下来，我们将构造可以翻转某一位量子比特相位的酉算子，定义如下："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def bitphaseflip_operator(phase_inversion_qubit, n_qubits):   # 定义可以翻转某一位量子比特相位的函数\n",
    "    s = [1 for i in range(1 << n_qubits)]\n",
    "    for i in phase_inversion_qubit:\n",
    "        s[i] = -1\n",
    "    if s[0] == -1:\n",
    "        for i in range(len(s)):\n",
    "            s[i] = -1 * s[i]\n",
    "    circuit = Circuit()\n",
    "    length = len(s)\n",
    "    cz = []\n",
    "    for i in range(length):\n",
    "        if s[i] == -1:\n",
    "            cz.append([])\n",
    "            current = i\n",
    "            t = 0\n",
    "            while current != 0:\n",
    "                if (current & 1) == 1:\n",
    "                    cz[-1].append(t)\n",
    "                t += 1\n",
    "                current = current >> 1\n",
    "            for j in range(i + 1, length):\n",
    "                if i & j == i:\n",
    "                    s[j] = -1 * s[j]\n",
    "    for i in cz:\n",
    "        if i:\n",
    "            if len(i) > 1:\n",
    "                circuit += Z.on(i[-1], i[:-1])\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                circuit += Z.on(i[0])\n",
    "\n",
    "    return circuit"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "现在，`bitphaseflip_operator()`函数就可以实现翻转某一位量子比特的相位，只需要输入需要翻转相位的目标量子态和量子比特总数即可。\n",
    "\n",
    "举个例子，我们现在生成3​​量子比特的均匀叠加态，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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     "data": {
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       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q0: ──H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">         </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q1: ──H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">         </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q2: ──H──</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "q0: ──H──\n",
       "         \n",
       "q1: ──H──\n",
       "         \n",
       "q2: ──H──"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "from mindquantum import Circuit, UN, H, Z\n",
    "from mindquantum.simulator import Simulator\n",
    "\n",
    "n_qubits = 3                                 # 设定量子比特数为3\n",
    "sim = Simulator('projectq', n_qubits)        # 使用projectq模拟器，命名为sim\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit = Circuit()                          # 初始化量子线路，命名为circuit\n",
    "circuit += UN(H, n_qubits)                   # 每位量子比特上执行H门操作\n",
    "\n",
    "sim.apply_circuit(circuit)                   # 通过模拟器sim运行搭建好的量子线路circuit\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit                                      # 打印此时的量子线路circuit"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "√2/4¦000⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦001⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦010⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦011⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦100⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦101⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦110⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦111⟩\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(sim.get_qs(True))                      # 打印模拟器sim中运行量子线路circuit后的末态"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到此时的量子线路，以及我们成功生成了3量子比特的均匀叠加态。\n",
    "\n",
    "假设我们需要翻转$|4\\rangle$态的相位，只需调用我们定义好的`bitphaseflip_operator()`函数即可，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q0: ──H─────────●─────────●──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                │         │  </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q1: ──H─────────┼────●────●──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                │    │    │  </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q2: ──H────Z────Z────Z────Z──</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "q0: ──H─────────●─────────●──\n",
       "                │         │  \n",
       "q1: ──H─────────┼────●────●──\n",
       "                │    │    │  \n",
       "q2: ──H────Z────Z────Z────Z──"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "sim.reset()                                                      # 重置模拟器sim维护好的量子态，使得初始化的量子态为|000>\n",
    "\n",
    "phase_inversion_qubit = [4]                                      # 翻转|4>态的相位\n",
    "operator = bitphaseflip_operator(phase_inversion_qubit, n_qubits)# 调用我们定义好的bitphaseflip_operator()函数\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit += operator                                              # 在量子线路circuit中添加翻转|4>态的相位所需的量子门\n",
    "\n",
    "sim.apply_circuit(circuit)                                       # 通过模拟器sim再次运行搭建好的量子线路circuit\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit                                                          # 打印此时的量子线路circuit"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "√2/4¦000⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦001⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦010⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦011⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦100⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦101⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦110⟩\n",
      "√2/4¦111⟩\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(sim.get_qs(True))                                          # 打印模拟器sim中运行量子线路circuit后的末态"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到此时的量子线路，以及$|100\\rangle$​​的相位翻转为-1，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(int('100', 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，发生相位翻转的$|100\\rangle$态即为我们希望相位翻转的$|4\\rangle$态。\n",
    "\n",
    "假设我们需要翻转除$|0\\rangle$态以外的每个态的相位，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"></pre>\n"
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      "text/plain": []
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    },
    {
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       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q0: ──H────Z────●────●─────────●──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                │    │         │  </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q1: ──H────Z────Z────┼────●────●──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                     │    │    │  </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q2: ──H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z──</span>\n",
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       "q0: ──H────Z────●────●─────────●──\n",
       "                │    │         │  \n",
       "q1: ──H────Z────Z────┼────●────●──\n",
       "                     │    │    │  \n",
       "q2: ──H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z──"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "n_qubits = 3                                                     # 设定量子比特数为3\n",
    "sim1 = Simulator('projectq', n_qubits)                           # 使用projectq模拟器，命名为sim1\n",
    "\n",
    "operator1 = bitphaseflip_operator([i for i in range(1, pow(2, n_qubits))], n_qubits) # 调用我们定义好的bitphaseflip_operator()函数，翻转除|0>态以外的每个态的相位，命名为operator1\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit1 = Circuit()                                             # 初始化量子线路，命名为circuit1\n",
    "circuit1 += UN(H, n_qubits)                                      # 每位量子比特上执行H门操作\n",
    "circuit1 += operator1                                            # 在量子线路circuit1中添加翻转除|0>态以外的每个态的相位所需的量子门\n",
    "\n",
    "sim1.apply_circuit(circuit1)                                     # 通过模拟器sim1运行搭建好的量子线路circuit1\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit1                                                         # 打印此时的量子线路circuit1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "√2/4¦000⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦001⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦010⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦011⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦100⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦101⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦110⟩\n",
      "-√2/4¦111⟩\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(sim1.get_qs(True))                                         # 打印模拟器sim1中运行量子线路circuit1后的末态"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到此时的量子线路，以及我们成功翻转除$|0\\rangle$态以外的每个态的相位。\n",
    "\n",
    "也就是说，我们定义的函数`bitphaseflip_operator()`可以实现Grover搜素算法中的Oracle算子$U_{\\omega}$和条件相移算子$P$。\n",
    "\n",
    "## 利用MindQuantum实现Grover搜素算法实例\n",
    "\n",
    "### 实例1：$n=3$​，$|\\omega\\rangle=|2\\rangle$（单目标）\n",
    "\n",
    "首先，我们需要定义$G$算子，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def G(phase_inversion_qubit, n_qubits):           # 定义Grover搜索算法中的G算子\n",
    "    operator = bitphaseflip_operator(phase_inversion_qubit, n_qubits)\n",
    "    operator += UN(H, n_qubits)\n",
    "    operator += bitphaseflip_operator([i for i in range(1, pow(2, n_qubits))], n_qubits)\n",
    "    operator += UN(H, n_qubits)\n",
    "    return operator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "然后，我们根据Grover搜索算法的量子线路模型在MindQuantum中搭建对应的量子线路："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"></pre>\n"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q0: ──H─────────●─────────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────H─────────●─────────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                │         │              │    │         │              │         │              │    │         │       </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q1: ──H────Z────Z────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────H────Z────Z────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                     │    │                   │    │    │                   │    │                   │    │    │       </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q2: ──H──────────────Z────Z────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────H──────────────Z────Z────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────H──</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "q0: ──H─────────●─────────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────H─────────●─────────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────H──\n",
       "                │         │              │    │         │              │         │              │    │         │       \n",
       "q1: ──H────Z────Z────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────H────Z────Z────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────H──\n",
       "                     │    │                   │    │    │                   │    │                   │    │    │       \n",
       "q2: ──H──────────────Z────Z────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────H──────────────Z────Z────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────H──"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "from numpy import pi, sqrt\n",
    "\n",
    "n_qubits = 3                                      # 设定量子比特数为3\n",
    "phase_inversion_qubit = [2]                       # 设定需要翻转相位的目标态，在这里翻转|2>态的相位\n",
    "\n",
    "N = 2 ** (n_qubits)                               # 计算出数据库中元素的总个数\n",
    "M = len(phase_inversion_qubit)                    # 计算出目标态的总个数\n",
    "\n",
    "r = int(pi / 4 * sqrt(N / M))                     # 设定G算子迭代次数为r\n",
    "\n",
    "sim2 = Simulator('projectq', n_qubits)            # 使用projectq模拟器，命名为sim2\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit2 = Circuit()                              # 初始化量子线路，命名为circuit2\n",
    "circuit2 += UN(H, n_qubits)                       # 每位量子比特上执行H门操作\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(r):                                # 循环执行G算子r次\n",
    "    circuit2 += G(phase_inversion_qubit, n_qubits)\n",
    "\n",
    "sim2.apply_circuit(circuit2)                      # 通过模拟器sim2运行搭建好的量子线路circuit2\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit2                                          # 打印此时的量子线路circuit2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "-√2/16¦000⟩\n",
      "-√2/16¦001⟩\n",
      "0.9722718241315036¦010⟩\n",
      "-√2/16¦011⟩\n",
      "-√2/16¦100⟩\n",
      "-√2/16¦101⟩\n",
      "-√2/16¦110⟩\n",
      "-√2/16¦111⟩\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(sim2.get_qs(True))                          # 打印模拟器sim2中运行量子线路circuit2后的末态"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，$|010\\rangle$态的振幅为0.9722718241315036，相比于其它的量子态，这是极大的振幅，也就是说，若我们测量此时的状态，将会以极大的概率得到目标态$|010\\rangle$​，运行如下代码进行测量："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"></pre>\n"
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      "text/plain": []
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">shots: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1000</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">Keys: q2 q1 q0│</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.00</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">     </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">         </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.4</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">         </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.6</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">         </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.8</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">         </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1.0</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">──────────────┼───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">000</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">001</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">010</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">011</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">100</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">101</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">110</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">           </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">111</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">              │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000; font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'000'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'001'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'010'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">947</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'011'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'100'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'101'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'110'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'111'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000; font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "shots: 1000\n",
       "Keys: q2 q1 q0│0.00     0.2         0.4         0.6         0.8         1.0\n",
       "──────────────┼───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴\n",
       "           000│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           001│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           010│▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           011│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           100│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           101│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           110│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "           111│▒\n",
       "              │                                                            \n",
       "{'000': 9, '001': 10, '010': 947, '011': 4, '100': 8, '101': 8, '110': 8, '111': 6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "from mindquantum import Measure\n",
    "\n",
    "sim2.reset()                                      # 重置模拟器sim2维护好的量子态，使得初始化的量子态为|000>\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit2 += UN(Measure(), circuit2.n_qubits)      # 对量子线路circuit2中的每一位量子比特添加测量门\n",
    "\n",
    "result = sim2.sampling(circuit2, shots=1000)      # 通过模拟器sim2对量子线路circuit2进行1000次的采样\n",
    "result                                            # 打印采样结果"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，1000次采样中有947次的采样结果为`010`，将其转化为10进制数，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(int('010', 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，我们成功地搜索出$|2\\rangle$态。\n",
    "\n",
    "### 实例2：$n=5$，$|\\omega\\rangle=|5\\rangle$和$|11\\rangle$（多目标）\n",
    "\n",
    "实例1中实现的是单目标搜索，现在我们尝试实现多目标搜索。首先，$G$算子已经定义好了，我们只需设定量子比特数和需要翻转相位的目标态，然后搭建对应的量子线路即可，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q0: ──H────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────H────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────H────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">           │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │              │    │         │    │         │         │         │    │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │              │    │         │    │         │         │         │    │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │              │    │         │    │         │         │         │    │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │       </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q1: ──H────┼────●────●────┼────┼────●────●────┼────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────H────┼────●────●────┼────┼────●────●────┼────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────H────┼────●────●────┼────┼────●────●────┼────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">           │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │       </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q2: ──H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────●────┼────●────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●─────────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────●────┼────●────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●─────────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────●────┼────●────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●─────────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                     │    │    │    │    │    │                                  │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │                                  │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │                                  │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │       </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q3: ──H──────────────Z────Z────┼────┼────●────●────H────Z────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H──────────────Z────Z────┼────┼────●────●────H────Z────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H──────────────Z────Z────┼────┼────●────●────H────Z────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H──</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">                               │    │    │    │                                                                     │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                             │    │    │    │                                                                     │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                             │    │    │    │                                                                     │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │       </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #000080; text-decoration-color: #000080; font-weight: bold\">q4: ──H────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────Z───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────Z───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────Z───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────H──</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "q0: ──H────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────H────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────H────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H────Z────●────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●─────────●────H──\n",
       "           │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │              │    │         │    │         │         │         │    │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │              │    │         │    │         │         │         │    │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │              │    │         │    │         │         │         │    │         │         │         │         │         │         │         │       \n",
       "q1: ──H────┼────●────●────┼────┼────●────●────┼────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────H────┼────●────●────┼────┼────●────●────┼────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────H────┼────●────●────┼────┼────●────●────┼────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●─────────┼────●────●────H──\n",
       "           │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │         │    │    │       \n",
       "q2: ──H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────●────┼────●────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●─────────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────●────┼────●────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●─────────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────H────Z────Z────┼────●────●────●────┼────●────H────Z─────────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●─────────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────H──\n",
       "                     │    │    │    │    │    │                                  │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │                                  │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │                   │    │    │    │    │    │                                  │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │         │    │    │    │    │    │    │       \n",
       "q3: ──H──────────────Z────Z────┼────┼────●────●────H────Z────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H──────────────Z────Z────┼────┼────●────●────H────Z────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H──────────────Z────Z────┼────┼────●────●────H────Z────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────●────H──\n",
       "                               │    │    │    │                                                                     │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                             │    │    │    │                                                                     │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │                             │    │    │    │                                                                     │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │    │       \n",
       "q4: ──H────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────Z───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────Z───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────H────Z───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────Z────H──"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "n_qubits = 5                                      # 设定量子比特数为5\n",
    "phase_inversion_qubit = [5, 11]                   # 设定需要翻转相位的目标态，在这里翻转|5>态和|11>态的相位\n",
    "\n",
    "N = 2 ** (n_qubits)                               # 计算出数据库中元素的总个数\n",
    "M = len(phase_inversion_qubit)                    # 计算出目标态的总个数\n",
    "\n",
    "r = int(pi / 4 * sqrt(N / M))                     # 设定G算子迭代次数为r\n",
    "\n",
    "sim3 = Simulator('projectq', n_qubits)            # 使用projectq模拟器，命名为sim3\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit3 = Circuit()                              # 初始化量子线路，命名为circuit3\n",
    "circuit3 += UN(H, n_qubits)                       # 每位量子比特上执行H门操作\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(r):                                # 循环执行G算子r次\n",
    "    circuit3 += G(phase_inversion_qubit, n_qubits)\n",
    "\n",
    "sim3.apply_circuit(circuit3)                      # 通过模拟器sim3运行搭建好的量子线路circuit3\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit3                                          # 打印此时的量子线路circuit3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "-0.03590776623212942¦00000⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212939¦00001⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212932¦00010⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212946¦00011⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212935¦00100⟩\n",
      "0.6932961018664991¦00101⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦00110⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212945¦00111⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦01000⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212945¦01001⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212935¦01010⟩\n",
      "0.6932961018664991¦01011⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212932¦01100⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212946¦01101⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212939¦01110⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212939¦01111⟩\n",
      "-0.0359077662321294¦10000⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212941¦10001⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129414¦10010⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦10011⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212944¦10100⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦10101⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212944¦10110⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦10111⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212943¦11000⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦11001⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212943¦11010⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦11011⟩\n",
      "-0.0359077662321294¦11100⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129434¦11101⟩\n",
      "-0.035907766232129414¦11110⟩\n",
      "-0.03590776623212941¦11111⟩\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(sim3.get_qs(True))                          # 打印模拟器sim3中运行量子线路circuit3后的末态"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，$|00101\\rangle$​​和$|01011\\rangle$​​态的振幅均为0.6932961018664989，相比于其它的量子态，这是极大的振幅，也就是说，若我们测量此时的状态，将会以极大的概率得到目标态$|00101\\rangle$​​和$|01011\\rangle$​​态，运行如下代码进行测量："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
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     "data": {
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       "<pre style=\"white-space: pre;\"><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">shots: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1000</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">Keys: q4 q3 q2 q1 q0│</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.00</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">   </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.126</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">       </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.251</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">       </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.377</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">       </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.503</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">       </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0.629</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">────────────────────┼───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">00000</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">00001</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">00100</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">00101</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">00110</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">00111</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01000</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01001</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01010</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01011</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01100</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01101</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">01111</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10000</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10001</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10011</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10100</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10101</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">10111</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">11000</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">11011</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">11100</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">11101</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">               </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">11111</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">│▒</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">                    │                                                            </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000; font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'00000'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'00001'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'00100'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'00101'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">463</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'00110'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'00111'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01000'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01001'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01010'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01011'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">503</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01100'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01101'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'01111'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'10000'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'10001'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'10011'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'10100'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'10101'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'10111'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'11000'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'11011'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'11100'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span>\n",
       "<span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'11101'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">, </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'11111'</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000\">: </span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span><span style=\"color: #808000; text-decoration-color: #808000; font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "shots: 1000\n",
       "Keys: q4 q3 q2 q1 q0│0.00   0.126       0.251       0.377       0.503       0.629\n",
       "────────────────────┼───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴\n",
       "               00000│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               00001│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               00100│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               00101│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               00110│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               00111│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01000│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01001│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01010│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01011│▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01100│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01101│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               01111│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               10000│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               10001│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               10011│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               10100│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               10101│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               10111│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               11000│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               11011│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               11100│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               11101│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "               11111│▒\n",
       "                    │                                                            \n",
       "{'00000': 2, '00001': 2, '00100': 1, '00101': 463, '00110': 2, '00111': 3, '01000': 1, '01001': 1, '01010': 1, '01011': 503, '01100': 1, '01101': 1, '01111': 1, '10000': 1, '10001': 1, '10011': 2, '10100': 2, '10101': 2, '10111': 1, '11000': 3, '11011': 1, '11100': 2, '11101': 2, '11111': 1}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# pylint: disable=W0104\n",
    "sim3.reset()                                      # 重置模拟器sim3维护好的量子态，使得初始化的量子态为|00000>\n",
    "\n",
    "circuit3 += UN(Measure(), circuit3.n_qubits)      # 对量子线路circuit3中的每一位量子比特添加测量门\n",
    "\n",
    "result1 = sim3.sampling(circuit3, shots=1000)     # 通过模拟器sim3对量子线路circuit3进行1000次的采样\n",
    "result1                                           # 打印采样结果"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，1000次采样中有463次的采样结果为`00101`和503次的采样结果为`01011`，将其转化为10进制数，运行如下代码："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n",
      "11\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(int('00101', 2))\n",
    "print(int('01011', 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从运行的结果看到，我们成功地搜索出$|5\\rangle$​​和$|11\\rangle$​​​​​态。\n",
    "\n",
    "至此，我们介绍了Grover搜索算法的基本原理，以及通过两个具体的小例子来展示如何利用MindQuantum实现该算法！赶紧动手体验一下量子编程的乐趣吧！\n",
    "\n",
    "若想查询更多关于MindQuantum的API，请点击：[https://mindspore.cn/mindquantum/](https://mindspore.cn/mindquantum/)。\n",
    "\n",
    "### **参考文献：**\n",
    "\n",
    "\\[1\\] L. K. Grover, A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search\\[C\\]// Proceedings of the twenty-eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing. ACM, 1996: 212-219.\n",
    "\n",
    "\\[2\\] G. Brassard, P. Hoyer, M. Mosca, et al. Quantum amplitude amplification and estimation\\[J\\]. Contemporary Mathematics, 2002, 305: 53-74."
   ]
  }
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